What is hesperidin?
What is hesperidin?
Hesperidin, also known as dihydroflavonoid glycoside or hesperidin, is a natural compound and a flavonoid substance widely found in citrus fruits. It has a variety of health benefits. It has antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory effects. Its chemical structure is a dihydroflavonoid oxygen glycoside structure, which is weakly acidic. The crude product obtained by extraction is a light yellow powder. The pure product is a white needle-shaped crystal with a slightly bitter taste. It is difficult to dissolve in water, almost insoluble in acetone, benzene, and chloroform, slightly soluble in methanol and hot glacial acetic acid, soluble in formamide and diformamide, and easily soluble in dilute alkaline solution.
Hesperidin is mainly derived from the dried young fruits or mature peels of plants of the genus Citrus in the Rutaceae family, such as sour orange and its cultivated varieties, sweet orange, etc. In addition, it is also found in bergamot fruits, banana orange fruits, citrus fruits, lemon fruits, quinoa lemon peels, mature citron fruits, and the whole herb with roots of the cruciferous plant shepherd's purse.
What are the effects of hesperidin?
Protecting Heart Health: Hesperidin has been shown to protect heart health, possibly by reducing lipid peroxidation and cardiotoxicity markers. It has been used as a very effective cardioprotectant in animal studies and has considerable brain protective effects against various stressors.
Enhanced Circulation and Blood Pressure Regulation: Hesperidin appears to promote blood flow and may have a weak effect on blood pressure. In animal studies, oral administration of hesperidin at doses similar to those used in humans showed protective effects on the heart and brain.
Antioxidant Effects: Hesperidin has antioxidant effects in the brain, reducing the increase in lipid peroxidation during cognitive impairment. This effect is thought to be an indirect effect through nitric oxide signaling rather than a direct antioxidant effect.
Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Effects: Hesperidin has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, and can lower cholesterol, treat rheumatism, and inhibit skin pigmentation, which has a whitening effect.
Improve Skin Conditions: It can promote collagen production, improve skin elasticity and radiance, and fight aging.It can also promote skin metabolism, increase skin elasticity, reduce wrinkles, improve skin blood circulation and repair, help absorb calcium ions, and reduce pigmentation.
Improve neuroprotective function: Hesperidin can activate neuronal growth factors and antioxidant factors, which depends on TrkA receptors and estrogen signaling. Studies have also shown that hesperidin can coordinate the increase of antioxidant defense and pro-survival proteins through estrogen signaling and TrkA receptors, which is considered to be a mechanism for inhibiting cell death caused by oxidative toxins or stressors.
Protect capillaries: Hesperidin has the effect of reducing capillary permeability and preventing microvascular bleeding. It also has the effect of maintaining normal vascular osmotic pressure, reducing vascular fragility, and shortening bleeding time.
Effect of Hesperidin on Immunity
Hesperidin has anti-inflammatory effects and can regulate the activities of immune cells, such as white blood cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages. Studies have shown that hesperidin can increase the number and activity of immune cells and enhance their ability to identify and eliminate pathogens and damage.
It also has the ability to scavenge free radicals, which can reduce the damage of oxidative stress to the immune system and protect immune cells from damage. This antioxidant effect helps promote the normal function of immune cells and improve the body's resistance.
Hesperidin promotes the nonspecific immunity and specific cellular immune response of mice, but has no significant effect on the specific humoral immune response.
Hesperidin has been found to have a certain protective effect on immune liver damage in mice, which may be related to its ability to scavenge free radicals, enhance the body's ability to resist lipid peroxidation, and reduce the expression of inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1, TNF-α, IFN-γ). It can exert its immunomodulatory effect by regulating immune response, reducing inflammatory response, and protecting cells from oxidative damage.
What is the anti-inflammatory mechanism of hesperidin?
Inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors: Hesperidin can reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which indicates that it exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by intervening in the inflammatory signaling pathway.
Regulates the inflammatory response: Hesperidin protects the lungs of mechanically ventilated mice by regulating the inflammatory response, reducing the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the airways, and reducing the production of inflammatory mediators such as methylene chloride and IL-12.
Antioxidant effect: Hesperidin has significant antioxidant capacity, which can increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), reduce the damage of free radicals to cells, thereby reducing inflammatory response.
Cell protection: Hesperidin can improve the antioxidant status of cardiomyocytes, upregulate the expression of SOD, CAT and Nrf2, and downregulate the expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), thereby protecting cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress.
Immunomodulation: Hesperidin has also shown immunomodulatory effects, modulating immune responses by affecting thymus and spleen weight in immunocompromised animal models, as well as phagocytosis of monocyte macrophages.
Inhibit enzyme activity: Hesperidin may inhibit the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway and reduce the gene expression of inflammatory mediators, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects.
What is Hesperidin used for?
Healthy food
As a nutritional enhancer, hesperidin is added to health foods such as health products, beverages, and snacks to meet consumers' demand for healthy foods.
Cosmetics
The antioxidant and anti-aging effects of hesperidin also give it certain application prospects in the field of cosmetics. In short, hesperidin is a natural compound with multiple pharmacological effects and broad application prospects.
Medical field
Hesperidin is used as a drug ingredient to treat diseases such as hypertension and myocardial infarction. In addition, there are studies exploring its potential in the treatment of diseases such as diabetes and hepatitis.
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