Unlocking The Benefits Of Quercetin Powder For Health And Wellness
What is Quercetin?
Quercetin, also known as quercetin, is a flavonol compound widely distributed in the plant kingdom with a variety of biological activities, and its chemical formula is C15H10O7. As an anti-apoptosis and antioxidant, quercetin can protect various organ damages, as well as anti-inflammation, antibacterial, anti-virus, lowering blood sugar, lowering blood pressure, regulating immune function and protecting cardiovascular. Quercetin widely exists in stem bark, flowers, leaves, buds, seeds, and fruits of many plants, mostly in the form of glycosides, such as rutin, quercitrin, hyperin, etc., which can be obtained by acid hydrolysis corticosteroids. Among them, the content is higher in the rods and leaves of buckwheat, sea buckthorn, hawthorn, and onion. Quercetin is also found in many foods such as onions, shallots, asparagus, cabbage, mustard greens, green peppers, chicory, grapefruit, lettuce, hawthorn, apples, mangoes, plums, radishes, black currants, potatoes, and spinach . In addition, there are more than 100 kinds of medicinal plants contain this ingredient.
The functions of the Quercetin
1. Antioxidant, free radical scavenging
Quercetin is one of the strongest antioxidants in nature, and its antioxidant capacity is 50 times that of vitamin E and 20 times that of vitamin C. Quercetin has a 3,7-hydroxyl structure, which may have a good scavenging effect on superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen, and the dose-effect relationship is obvious. The mechanism of quercetin’s anti-oxidation and free radical scavenging may be that quercetin complexes with superoxide anion to reduce the generation of oxygen free radicals; complexes with iron ions to prevent the formation of hydroxyl free radicals; The reaction inhibits the process of lipid peroxidation; inhibits aldose reductase, reduces the consumption of NADPH, thereby improving the body's antioxidant capacity.
2. Lowering blood lipids
Quercetin can inhibit the decomposition of cholesterol esters into free cholesterol, and can reduce the solubility of cholesterol in micellar solutions, inhibit the absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine, and achieve the purpose of lowering lipids.
3. Hypoglycemic
Quercetin can inhibit the transport of glucose by glucose transporter, and inhibit the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase to hinder the digestion and absorption of glucose.
4. Reduce the formation of uric acid
Quercetin binds to the molybdenum atom of the active center of XO (flavoproteinase) through hydrogen bonding, which prevents the substrate xanthine from entering the active center of XO, thereby inhibiting the catalytic activity of XO on xanthine and reducing Production of uric acid.
5. Interaction with other enzyme systems
Quercetin can reduce the histamine secretion of mast cells and basophils in various tissues, and play a major role by affecting other calmodulin-dependent enzymes.
6. Anti-neuroprotective effect
Quercetin can directly clear ROS, inhibit amyloid beta protein (Aβ) deposition, tau protein hyperphosphorylation inhibition, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) inhibition in nerve cells, amyloid precursor protein ( APP) inhibition, and lyase (BACE1) inhibition and other mechanisms of action to exert anti-neuroprotective effect.
7. Antithrombotic
Quercetin can significantly inhibit platelet aggregation, selectively combine with thrombus on the blood vessel wall and release thrombolysin and vascular membrane protection media from the intima of the blood vessel by inhibiting platelet lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, playing a role Antithrombotic effect.
8. Antiviral
Quercetin has antiviral activity against many viruses such as type I herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rabies virus, type III parainfluenza virus and new Biss virus, and its antiviral mechanism may be its Can bind to viral proteins and interfere with the synthesis of viral nucleic acids.
Pharmacokinetics of quercetin
In nature, quercetin exists mainly as glucosides, and the absorption of quercetin glycosides may vary depending on the type of sugar attached, quercetin glycosides (such as those mainly found in onion or shallot meat) are more Its rutinoside (the main quercetin glycoside in tea) is more easily absorbed. Glycosides are efficiently hydrolyzed by β-glucosidases in the small intestine to their aglycone forms, most of which are subsequently absorbed. Quercetin glucuronic acid and its sulfate derivatives are more easily absorbed by the body than quercetin. Among quercetin derivatives, the glycoside-conjugated form is more easily absorbed than quercetin. Purified quercetin glycosides are able to interact with sodium-dependent glucose transporter receptors in mucosal epithelial cells and, therefore, may be absorbed in vivo by the small intestine. After absorption, quercetin is metabolized in various organs including small intestine, colon, liver and kidney, and its metabolites are distributed in various tissues of the body. Quercetin can be converted into 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid,p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid and p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid by human intestinal bacteria, but the conversion rate is low, oral administration Only about 20% is absorbed by the digestive tract, 30% is transformed, and 30% is excreted in the feces in the form of the original drug. The absorbed quercetin quickly enters the bile and urine in the form of glucuronate and sulfate within 48 hours. is excreted.
Extraction method of quercetin
1.Extraction and separation
Since the content of quercetin in plants is only a few ten-thousandths to a few ten thousandths, and the extraction and separation are difficult and the cost is high, it is not practical to directly extract quercetin from plants. However, when analyzing and identifying flavonoids or preparing analytically pure samples, quercetin extraction and separation techniques should be used.
2.Acid hydrolysis
The rutin (rutin) of quercetin is widely distributed in nature and has a high content, such as 20% in Sophora japonica. Extract rutin from Sophora japonica, and then produce quercetin after acid hydrolysis.
3.Enzymatic conversion
Using enzymatic conversion to hydrolyze rutin to prepare a large amount of quercetin monomer with less content in plants, the operation is simple and safe, the whole process is economical and practical, the output is large, and it is suitable for industrial production, and the product purity is greater than 90%, which can meet food and clinical requirements. application needs. Therefore, enzymatic conversion is undoubtedly a very promising preparation method.
Determination of quercetin content
1. Liquid chromatography
Content determination was carried out by preparing quercetin standard solution, linear relationship test, precision and repeatability methodological principles.
2. HPLC method
The prepared total flavonoids of Sophora japonica were dissolved and filtered, and the content of quercetin in the total flavonoids was identified according to the chromatographic conditions.
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