Capsaicin Bulk Powder

What is capsaicin powder?

YTBIO capsaicin, also known as Capsaicin Bulk Powder, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C18H27NO3. In nature, it exists in the Solanaceae plant Capsicum annuum and its variants. It precipitates from petroleum ether as monoclinic crystals and rectangular sheets. Ultraviolet absorption is at 227nm, 281nm (ε7000; 2500). It is an extremely pungent vanillamide alkaloid. 

Capsaicin bulk powder is a white crystalline powder that is the active ingredient in red peppers of the Capsicum genus. The melting point of capsaicin is 64-68°C, the boiling point is 210-220°C (1.33Pa), it has high chemical stability, is easily soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, benzene, acetone, chloroform, etc., is slightly soluble in carbon dioxide, and is difficult to dissolve In cold water.

Preparation of capsaicin

There are three main methods for preparing capsaicin: natural extraction, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis.

(1) Natural extraction: In the early stage of extraction of capsaicin, bright red dried chili peppers were crushed and extracted with organic solvents. After concentration, a red to orange-red oily liquid was obtained. This oily liquid is called capsicum oleoresin. Contains capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and homodihydrocapsaicin, capsicum red pigment, carotene and tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid and other ingredients. After the capsicum oleoresin is further extracted with ether, dilute ethanol and alkaline aqueous solution, or petroleum ether, dichloroethane and other solvents, crude capsaicin crystals can be obtained by crystallization with petroleum ether or n-ethane. At present, the natural extraction methods of capsaicin mainly include ethanol method, acetone method, acid-base method, supercritical extraction method, etc.

(2) Biosynthesis: Currently known enzymes involved in the capsaicin synthesis pathway include phenylalanine lyase, cinnamic acid hydrolase, p-coumaric acid hydrolase, caffeic acid transmethoxylase and capsaicin synthase. The phenolic precursors in the synthesis process of capsaicin (p-coumaric acid, phenylalanine, caffeic acid, etc.) are also the synthesis precursors of proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids and lignin. Therefore, the biosynthesis of capsaicin There is a problem of competition with other biosynthetic pathways for common precursors, and the biosynthesis of capsaicin can be maximized through metabolic regulation or gene regulation.

(3) Chemical synthesis: From the chemical structure, capsaicin can be regarded as an amide compound formed by fatty acids and vanillylamine. Spath et al. used isobutylzinc and 1,6-adipic acid monoethyl ester monoyl chloride as raw materials. 8-Methyl-6-nonenoic acid was obtained through chemical synthesis, which was then chlorinated by phthalate and reacted with vanillylamine to obtain capsaicin. This method has become a classic method for the synthesis of capsaicin.

The role of capsaicin

1.Analgesic effect

Capsaicin administered internally or locally to animals has been shown to have a significant effect on pain caused by noxious thermal stimulation and chemical stimulation. When nerve fibers are injured, capsaicin initially acts to sensitize the noxious neurons and cause pain. However, continued application will lead to desensitization of nociceptive neurons and have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, the capsaicin receptor has gradually become the protagonist in studying the molecular mechanism of capsaicin regulating pain. It is a type of receptor expressed on the terminal ends of sensory nerves. It is also a ligand-gated non-selective cation channel and belongs to the transient receptor potential channel. family, as small-diameter primary afferent neurons, can be activated by many aspects, such as protons, lipid-derived neuroreceptors and inflammatory mediators to directly activate or regulate TRPV1. TRPV1-mediated Ca2+ flux triggers the release of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters , these are responsible for the spread of pain. Recently, it has been reported that capsaicin binds to TPRV1 on the terminals and membrane of primary afferent neurons, selectively activates small sensory neurons and initiates some complex cascade reactions, including opening transient receptor potential activity channels and clearing P Substances, neuronal firing and release of proinflammatory mediators, and desensitization of receptors.

2. Cardiovascular protective effect

Studies have shown that capsaicin has significant cardiovascular protective effects. As early as more than ten years ago, there were reports on the effect of capsaicin in inhibiting platelet aggregation. Previous studies believed that capsaicin inhibits platelet aggregation not through specific receptor platelets, but by inserting into the cell membrane of platelets and changing the flow of the cell membrane. properties and/or ion penetration. However, recent studies have found that TRPV1 acts as a capsaicin agent on sensory neurons and other non-neuronal cells, and is also present on human platelets. Capsaicin can induce an increase in Ca2+ flow and Ca2+ release in platelet cells to induce platelet activation, and this phenomenon can be inhibited by TRPV1 antagonists 5-iodoresiniferatoxin and AMG9810, and TRPV1 has also been shown to contribute to ADP and thrombin induction. The role of platelet activation.

3. Anti-cancer effect

With the continuous deepening of the pharmacological effects of capsaicin, its anti-cancer effect has gradually attracted people's attention. Recent studies have found that capsaicin exerts anti-cancer effects by inhibiting the proliferation and migration of cancer cells and inducing apoptosis of cancer cells. Capsaicin can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of lung cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, myeloid leukemia cells, etc., and can inhibit the migration of melanoma cells. The molecular mechanism of capsaicin's anti-cancer effect is mainly through affecting the mitochondria of cancer cells and inducing apoptosis. Human myeloid leukemia cells were used as research materials and it was found that capsaicin can also interact with the protein inhibin 2 located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Antiproliferative protein 2 (PHB) binds and induces its transfer to the nucleus to regulate the transcriptional expression of some genes such as RB, p53 and androgen receptor to regulate cell apoptosis. PHB is usually directly related to the morphology of mitochondria and cell apoptosis. Therefore, the anti-cancer molecular mechanism of capsaicin is to induce apoptosis of cancer cells through the action of mitochondria and anti-proliferation protein 2 to play an anti-cancer effect.

4. Effect on digestive system

Capsaicin taken orally can be used as a stomachic agent, which can promote appetite and improve digestion. Animal experiments have shown that pepper water can stimulate the oral mucosa and reflexively strengthen the movement of the stomach. Oral condiments made from various chili peppers can increase saliva secretion and amylase activity. However, oral administration of large doses can cause gastritis, enteritis, diarrhea, vomiting, etc. There are also reports that capsaicin may increase digestibility by increasing the activity of digestive enzymes. Capsaicin may also increase intestinal permeability by binding to vanilloid receptor 1-like proteins to regulate the absorption of food nutrients.

Capsaicin has a protective effect on the stomach. Gastric microcirculation plays an important role in maintaining the gastric mucosal barrier and the integrity of the mucosa. Sensory nerves in the gastric mucosa can regulate blood circulation. Capsaicin restores gastric mucosal barrier and mucosal damage by stimulating TRPV1 on sensitive afferent neurons to release diastolic peptide CGRP and nitric oxide, thereby increasing blood flow between blood vessels and gastric mucosa.

5. Anti-itching effect

Capsaicin can resist skin pruritus. Capsaicin is effective against histamine-induced pruritus, water-induced pruritus, uremia-related pruritus, nodular prurigo and postoperative syndrome-related pruritus, and chronic intractable anal skin pruritus. Diseases, etc. all have certain curative effects. So far, the specific molecular mechanism by which capsaicin reduces itching is not clear, but most researchers believe that the principle may be that capsaicin stimulates TRPV1 and reduces substance P, thereby blocking the substance P-guided triggering of itch. signaling pathway, thereby producing the effect of resisting pruritus.

6. Antibacterial and insecticidal effects

Capsaicin has a significant inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium, Clostridium tetani, Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus pyogenes, but is ineffective against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

7. Neuroprotective effect

There are a few reports that capsaicin has neuroprotective effects. By establishing a Mongolian gerbil transient cerebral ischemia model, treating mice with different concentrations of capsaicin, and using electroencephalogram total power detection and other methods, it was found that capsaicin has a neuroprotective effect. However, capsazepine blocks the activity of vanilloid subfamily member 1 (VR1), thereby blocking the neuroprotective effect of capsaicin. This shows that the neuroprotective effect of capsaicin is closely related to VR1, and its specific mechanism requires further research.

8. Antioxidant effect

Capsaicin can protect the development of ring fetuses stimulated by ethanol through antioxidant. Through the morphological observation of embryos of ICR mice stimulated by Z-alcohol, compared with untreated ICR mice and mouse embryos treated with capsaicin and ethanol, it can be seen that the small and large brains of ICR mice stimulated by ethanol did not develop, while those of untreated mice did not develop. The embryos of ICR-type mice and mice treated with capsaicin and ethanol developed well. The author then tested the effect of capsaicin on SOD activity and found that ethanol has a severe inhibitory effect on SOD activity, but capsaicin can restore SOD activity, and capsaicin can promote the expression of GPx gene, and the expression product of GPx gene can increase the level of SOD activity. The content of oxides such as peroxide gas, so capsaicin has a certain antioxidant ability.

9. Hepatoprotective effect

Capsaicin can protect the liver and enhance liver function by interacting with TRPV1 receptors. By establishing a model of fulminant liver failure induced by oral administration of 200 mg/kg thioacetamide in wild-type mice, capsaicin and capsaicin receptor blockers were injected 24 hours later. They are agonists and antagonists of TRPV1 receptors respectively. The level of 2-arachidonoylglycerol is an indicator of the biochemical and histopathological functions of the liver. Experiments have found that capsaicin can improve fulminant liver failure induced by thio-Zamide, and accordingly improve the function and pathology of the liver. However, capsaicin receptor blockers can inhibit this effect of capsaicin, which shows that the hepatoprotective effect of capsaicin is through the TRPV1 receptor, but its in-depth molecular mechanism needs to continue to be explored.

Functional applications of capsaicin

(1) As food raw materials

Chili peppers are used as food seasonings, but when chili peppers are consumed directly as food raw materials, the bioavailability of capsaicin is not high, and it will continue to be released in the intestines, irritating the intestinal wall, causing abdominal discomfort, and even anal burning, and induce hemorrhoid. Adding capsaicin as a food raw material can control the spiciness well and ensure good absorption of capsaicin.

(2) As medicinal raw materials

Capsaicin with higher purity has strong and long-lasting anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Oral use can promote gastric juice secretion, increase appetite, relieve flatulence, improve digestive function and promote blood circulation; external use can treat toothache, muscle pain, rheumatism, skin diseases and other diseases, and has a significant effect on the treatment of neuralgia. Using it to make an ointment has a significant effect on neuralgia such as chronic rheumatoid arthritis, herpes zoster, bruises, etc. It has a good therapeutic effect on psoriasis and alopecia; combined with morphine, it can extend the analgesic time and reduce the cost. Addictiveness.

(3) As a raw material for health care products

Capsaicin can stimulate the thermogenic system in the body and speed up metabolism. Capsaicin can also promote the production of two enzymes in the body, reduce fat accumulation, and play a role in weight loss.

(4) As chemical raw materials

Adding capsaicin to the insulation and sheathing materials of wires and cables can effectively prevent mice, rabbits and other animals from eating the cables, and it also has the effect of repelling termites. Adding capsaicin to paint can effectively repel mosquitoes and reduce the adhesion of microorganisms. Currently, capsaicin has been widely used in marine paints. Another important application of capsaicin is as the main raw material for tear gas in the military industry.

According to statistics, the consumption composition of capsaicin is roughly 60% in the pharmaceutical field, 20% in food additives, 15% in the pesticide field, and 5% in other areas. The main international consumption areas of capsaicin are the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, which have developed economies and medical levels. , South Korea, etc., the global annual demand for capsaicin is more than 5,000 tons, while the world's annual capsaicin production is only about 1,200 tons, and there is a large gap in the market. With the rapid development of medicine, light industry, food industry and other industries, the international and domestic demand for capsaicin will continue to grow, and there is a good market prospect.

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