6-Gingerol

What is gingerol?

Gingerol is the general name for gingerol, shogaol, gingerone and other spicy substances related to ginger. It is the main active ingredient in ginger and its processed products. It is mainly composed of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol. , 6-gingerol and gingerol are common and have high content. Among them, 6-gingerol has the highest content, accounting for about 75% of gingerols, and its biological activity is high. Gingerol has various pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, alleviating inflammation, and enhancing immunity.

Ginger is the rhizome of the ginger plant of the Zingiberaceae family. It is a traditional medicinal and edible food. Ginger contains a variety of functional active ingredients and has a variety of functional activities. Gingerol is one of the main functional active ingredients. Gingerol is not only the main flavor substance of ginger's spiciness, but also the main functional factor of ginger's multiple functions. It has broad application prospects in the fields of medicine, food, condiments, cosmetics and hygiene.

Research shows that 6-gingerol is a mixture of various substances that determines the spiciness and flavor of ginger. Its structure is complex but it all contains 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl functional groups, and the hydrocarbon chains connected to its functional groups are different. , can be divided into different types such as gingerols, gingerols, gingerones, gingerdiones and gingerdiols.

Extraction of gingerol powder

Studying the extraction of gingerol in ginger is of great significance for the high-value utilization of ginger and the development of the ginger industry. Commonly used extraction methods for gingerol in ginger include pressing, organic solvent extraction, molecular distillation, enzymatic hydrolysis, Ultrasonic extraction method, microwave-assisted extraction method, supercritical CO2 extraction method, etc.

① Pressing method. The pressing method is to obtain crude ginger extract directly through mechanical pressing, and then use precipitation and separation to obtain a small amount of gingerol. This operation is simple and takes a short time, but the extraction rate is low and there are many impurities, which requires further purification and separation.

② Solvent extraction method. Solvent extraction is based on the principle of similar miscibility, considering the solubility of gingerol, selecting an appropriate solvent, and dissolving as much gingerol as possible while controlling and reducing the dissolution of other ingredients. At present, relatively polar solvents such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, and acetone are often used. However, considering the food safety of gingerol, the solvent used is mainly ethanol. At present, there are relatively many domestic studies on solvent extraction of gingerol from ginger. The factors that affect the solvent extraction of gingerol from ginger mainly include ethanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio, temperature, time and extraction times. Solvent extraction is easy to operate, has a simple process, and is suitable for industrial production. However, it also has problems such as long extraction time, high product impurities, high extraction temperature, which affects the activity of gingerol, and poor economic benefits, which affects its industrial production and application.

③ Ultrasound-assisted extraction method. Ultrasound-assisted extraction uses the cavitation, mechanical and thermal effects of ultrasonic waves to effectively destroy the ginger cell structure, promote the rapid dissolution of gingerol ingredients, and improve the extraction rate of gingerol. Ultrasound-assisted extraction can shorten the extraction time, consume less energy, and lower the extraction temperature, which is beneficial to protecting the activity of gingerol and has higher extraction efficiency. It is an effective method for extracting gingerol from ginger, but it also has higher noise. Higher cost issue.

④ Microwave-assisted extraction method. Microwave-assisted extraction uses the selective heating of microwaves to instantly generate high temperature and high pressure, causing the ginger cell wall to rupture, reducing mass transfer resistance, and gingerol to be quickly dissolved. Microwave-assisted extraction of gingerol from ginger has the advantages of good selectivity, short extraction time, and high extraction efficiency. However, the initial equipment cost of this process is relatively high and industrial production has not been realized. It is now limited to laboratory research.

What are the effects of gingerol?

01 A powerful tool for weight loss and fat-lowering

Induces conversion of white adipocytes into brown adipocytes

In 2017, a study by a research team from the University of California, San Francisco, published in Nature Medicine, a sub-journal of the top international magazine Nature, pointed out that ginger can not only be used to treat typhoid and colds, but may also help prevent obesity. Inducing white adipocytes to convert into brown adipocytes is a potential therapeutic strategy. Experiments have found that when a protein called SERCA2b is activated in white fat cells of mice, the cells will decompose a large amount of glucose and fatty acids, and their internal glycolysis and mitochondrial aerobic respiration functions will increase by more than 80%. Along with the generation of a lot of heat. Even more surprising is that the gingerol in gingerol can activate the SERCA2b protein in beige cells. Chen Fang et al. found that it upregulates the expression levels of browning-specific transcription markers Ucp1, prdm16 and pgc-1α through an AMPK-dependent pathway, thereby reducing the expression of the lipid metabolism transcription regulator C/ebpα in 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes. , which increases the proton leak of adipocytes and enhances mitochondrial respiration, promoting the transformation of white adipocytes into brown adipocytes.

Inhibit fatty acid synthesis and adipocyte differentiation

Gingerol Powder can down-regulate serum triglyceride levels during fatty acid synthesis, improve abnormal lipid metabolism in the body, and thus play a role in weight loss and lipid-lowering. In a high-fat fed mouse model, PPARγ is activated by SREBP-1c, resulting in a reduced oxidation rate of free fatty acids and increased FAS activity. Gingerol can reduce the expression of PPARγ and FAS by down-regulating the transcription factor SREBP-1c and inhibit the synthesis of fatty acids.

Choi et al. found that applying 6-gingerol to 3T3-L1 adipocytes can down-regulate PPARγ, C/EBP, and cholesterol regulatory element-binding protein, fatty acid synthase, and fatty acyl-CoA synthase in the triglyceride synthase system. and expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase, inhibiting adipocyte differentiation. In addition, 6-gingerol also inhibits adipocyte 3T3-L1 differentiation by inhibiting the pathways of protein kinase B and glycogen synthesis kinase 3β, thus playing an anti-atherosclerotic role.

02 Antioxidant weapon

Gingerol can significantly remove hydroxyl free radicals and superoxide free radicals in organisms and reduce lipid peroxides in liver and brain tissues. From the perspective of molecular structure, gingerols from ginger have phenolic, hydroxyl or olefin chain structures and are excellent hydrogen or electron donors. Due to the resonance delocalization of the formed phenolic free radical intermediates and the lack of sites suitable for oxygen attack, new free radicals will not be generated and will not be rapidly oxidized due to chain reactions, so they have strong antioxidant activity. .

Studies have found that 6-gingerol can increase the level of reactive oxygen species ROS in human liver cancer cell Hep G2 by reducing patulin PAT, reducing the production of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, and increasing glutathione content. Antioxidant effect[28]. At the same time, the crude extract of gingerol in gingerol can significantly increase the superoxide dismutase SOD activity in isolated serum and liver homogenate, significantly reduce the malondialdehyde (MDA) lipid peroxide content in body serum, and improve the body's overall Antioxidant activity.

03 Liver protection tool

It was found in human and mouse liver samples that 6-gingerol can inhibit the accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes induced by free fatty acids FFA, thus achieving a liver-protective effect. 6-Gingerol improves hepatic steatosis by increasing the transcriptional activity of hepatocyte nuclear factor HNF4α, leading to an increase in miR-467b-3p and a decrease in glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. Because the development of NAFLD in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can be regulated by microRNA, the above mechanism illustrates the key role of the 6-gingerol-induced HNF4α/miR-467b-3p/GPAT1 cascade in ameliorating NAFLD.

04 Anti-tumor weapon

Gingerol is cytotoxic and inhibits the growth of cancer cells by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. It has significant effects in inhibiting breast cancer, cervical cancer and lung cancer. 6-Gingerol acts as an inhibitor of extracellular regulated protein kinase ERK or c-Jun amino-terminal mitogen-activated protein kinase JNKMAP, by downregulating phorbol ester PMA-induced ERK phosphorylation, as well as the activation of JNKMAP kinase and activator protein transcription factors function, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells.

10-gingerol, another main component of gingerol, promotes Hela cell apoptosis by regulating the expression of related genes in multiple signaling pathways. 10-Gingerol effectively blocks the HeLa cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase mainly by regulating the Cyclin D1 gene. 10-Gingerol significantly up-regulates the expression of DR3 and DR5 proteins in the Death Receptor signaling pathway in Hela cells and induces phosphorylation activation of Caspase protein; down-regulates the expression of Bid, Bcl-2 and Bad proteins in the mitochondrial signaling pathway and up-regulates Bax and cytochrome. The expression of C; reduces the expression of PKCε and NF-kβ proteins in the NF-kβ pathway; effectively inhibits the phosphorylation of PI3K protein in the PI3K/AKT/AMPK/mTOR pathway, and triggers the phosphorylation of its downstream effectors AKT and P70S6K proteins ion was reduced, ultimately inducing a decrease and increase in p-mTOR and p-AMPK protein expression, respectively.

Although many experiments have proven that gingerol has certain anti-tumor effects, its specific mechanism of action still needs to be further explored.

Application of gingerol

1. Application in food

Ginger has played an indispensable role in people's lives since ancient times and can be used as food, condiment and medicine. Modern research shows that gingerol has good antibacterial properties and antioxidant properties, and has broad application prospects in food processing.

Adding gingerol to the processing of mango candy slices can reduce the loss of sugar and water in the mango slices. After multi-step optimization, it can reduce the loss of natural bioactive compounds present in mangoes, improve the overall sensory score and reduce the color difference. The nutritional and functional quality of mango candy tablets are greatly improved

Adding gingerol to the processing of fruit and vegetable beverages can give full play to its good functional properties, improve the shortcomings of short storage time of fruit and vegetable juices, extend the shelf life of beverages, and reduce the addition of artificial preservatives.

In addition, the extracted gingerol can be directly put into the stuffing to serve as a seasoning to evenly infuse the flavor. Adding it to fish and other seafood can increase the fishy removal effect and effectively avoid the presence of coarse ginger particles that affect the taste during eating. It can effectively reduce lipid oxidation, thereby extending the storage period of fish fillets.

In cured meat products, it can not only remove the nitrite contained in it, but also effectively maintain the brightness of the minced meat. The film made of gingerol can inhibit the oxidation of fat in cooling pork and extend the shelf life of pork. The plastic wrap made from gingerol is used to preserve eggs. It is green and natural and can extend the storage period of eggs.

2. Application in medicine and health care

Ginger is recorded in "Taiping Shenghui Prescription", "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" and "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases". The dietary prescriptions are widely circulated and have significant pharmacological effects. As one of the main active substances in ginger, gingerol has Anti-inflammatory and blood lipid regulating activities.

By establishing a vomiting model induced by 2,2-azobis(2-methylpropylimida) dihydrochloride (AAPH) liposomes, gingerols in gingerol can effectively improve symptoms caused by digestive tract diseases. The inhibition rate of vomiting can reach 85%. It can also alleviate the vomiting caused by malignant tumors in chemotherapy patients and can be used as a new anti-emetic drug.

In the prevention and treatment of polyfilariasis in fish, gingerol can replace pharmaceuticals. When the concentration of 10-gingerol is 4 mg/L, it can protect healthy fish from being infected by multifilarial parasites. The concentration of 10-gingerol is 2 mg/L. 10-gingerol can significantly reduce the infection rate and average infection intensity of grass carp, and improve the survival rate of grass carp.

3. Application in cosmetics

Gingerol is often used in cosmetics together with other ingredients in ginger. In shampoo, adding ginger juice rich in gingerol can effectively remove dirt from the scalp and inhibit the growth of scalp bacteria. It has good stabilization of hair roots and prevents Hair loss effects.

In skin care products, gingerol not only plays an anti-oxidative role in the skin, but can also effectively remove oil from facial skin and inhibit bacterial growth, reducing the appearance of oily beans. Facial masks containing gingerol can reduce inflammation and remove acne. and skin-calming effect.

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